"Musicians in Catholic Worship (I): Banish the Soloists - Let the People Sing"
First of a three-part series by Lucy E. Carroll.
As with so much that is out of sync in today’s Church, the position of soloist was not advocated by the Second Vatican Council. The word cantor does not even appear in Chapter VI of Sacrosanctum Concilium, the Vatican II document on the liturgy. The choir was re-affirmed as being an integral part of the liturgical team of priest, deacon and reader.
The Council mandated that the choir be an integral part of the liturgy team: “Choirs must be diligently promoted” (Constitution on the Liturgy, Sacrosanctum Concilium, § 114). Further explaining this, the Holy See’s Instruction on Music, Musicam Sacram (March 5, 1967) said:
The conciliar norms regarding reform of the liturgy have given the choir’s function greater prominence and importance. The choir is responsible for the correct performance of the parts that belong to it and for helping the faithful to take an active part in the singing. (MS 19).
Like many things in the wake of the Council, the choirs, instead of proliferating, virtually disappeared. In many parishes today the choir sings only for special events: Christmas, Easter, Holy Week. The choir, however, should lead the congregation at Mass, every Sunday.
When choirs disappeared, the cantors took over. But the cantor as soloist raises many problems that militate against the cultivation of good congregational singing.
Lots of interesting stuff here, even if you don’t agree with all of it.
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17 Comments
Peace, all.
I thought Lucy Carroll’s story about the church sound system being piped out to the far corners of the parking lot was hilarious. And too true.
However, I found her dot-connecting to be a bit strained. Choirs were encouraged and praised in the US since Music in Catholic Worship. Certainly as many folk groups popped up as organ choirs faded, so I don’t see that group singing died out as much as was transformed. She misses the cultural and technological reasons why choirs are in decline across all denominations and even into the secular sphere. If Catholics wanted choirs, every parish would hire a children’s choir director and be sure the Sunday worship experience included active people from a young age. Without music education in schools and without liturgical choirs for youngsters, we’re battling upstream on a rubber ducky without a paddle. Vatican II had nothing to do with it.
Interesting article.
“Vatican II had nothing to do with it.”
Not in and of itself.
VCII was used as an excuse by people who were anti-tradition, anti-beauty, anti-art and anti-excellence to push an agenda of lowest-common-denominator liturgy.
In the name of anti-elitism and fresh air, the Vandals invaded, burning books and breaking windows and pretending VCII said things it never did.
Help…
I know this is a personal blog, but can you help?
Where can I find the correct melody for the psalm for exaltation of the cross?
It starts “do not forget the works of the Lord”.
We usually use gather, but I don’t like those psalms and I have to arrange the music for that day and teach it to the choir and I thought we could do chant.
(Not in latin though.)
I have an old liber usualis here but I don’t know how to find the Latin equivalent of those words in all the indexes.
I though if i could just find the right melody for the response we could do the verse on a psalm tone like everyone knows.
But I need to have it for a rehearsal Sunday afternoon and I don’t even know how to look for it,
Thank you for any help you can give me, sir.
Peace, Gerry.
The anti-beauty crowd predated the Council. Read the minutes of various national associations for music and art and you’ll see people in the early 20th century lamenting the state of church music and statuary. I think it would be more accurate to say that Vatican II didn’t reform us totally. The perception that Vatican II dumped chaos on a smoothly running system in 1965 is bunk, and not borne out by either the bulk of experience or fact.
I think Carroll is right to advocate choirs. I just wish she (and others) could do it without bringing their pet peeves about Vatican II into the fray. I’d be interested in what she teaches her students at Princeton regarding the formation of choirs from square one.
“The anti-beauty crowd predated the Council.”
I would not disagree.
“The philistines you have always with you.”
But the council gave them the opportunity to get their jack-booted foot in the door.
“The perception that Vatican II dumped chaos on a smoothly running system in 1965 is bunk”
Fine, whose perceptions are these supposed to be that you are debunking?
Who claimed any such thing?
Peace Gerry.
I interpreted Carroll’s article as suggesting all was hunky-dunky till 1965. Obviously I disagree with that.
This dovetails into my huge pet peeves at my parish (maybe she’ll talk about them in the 2nd or 3rd part). I hate it when congregational songs, like the Gloria or the Sanctus, are turned into verse-response songs like the psalms. No, I want to sing all the words that I’m supposed to, not just the fun little ‘glorias.’
My other HUGE pet peeve is when we’re singing the Agnus Dei, and all of the sudden we get all of those other words besides ‘lamb of God’ at the beginning. I mean, how many translations of Agnus Dei are there?
I don’t care for those sing-song “refrain” Glory to Gods — when did that trend start?
All those make’m-up-as-you-go words to the Lamb of God are illicit, I don’t know why ostensibly Catholic publishers and composers keep pumping them out.
This overtly commercial hyping of novelty in liturgical music is very destructive.
[The Adoremus Bulletin featured articles on the novelties of responsorial Gloria settings as well as troping of the Agnus Dei. I also have written on the Gloria and Agnus Dei. - A. A. E.]
Peace, all.
Many parishes I know have the people singing the verses anyway on the modified Gloria format. There’s nothing really from stopping people from singing the whole deal.
I’ve never quite understood what the fuss was about on addressing Christ with alternate titles in the Agnus Dei. Every setting I know begins and ends the litany with “Lamb of God” and the Roman Missal does permit the extension of the piece to accommodate and accompany the liturgical action. Using tropes similar to the Kyrie permits an ease of accompaniment and cueing at the Fraction Rite. A good friend of mine has suggested altering harmonizations or having extended instrumental sections, but these solutions present their own challenges, especially to musicians.
The phenomenon of a “responsorial” Gloria arose probably to facilitate learning musical settings, easing people in gradually as the music was learned, or at least giving them a minimal part in a piece the Roman Missal also says the choir can sing alone.
I think these examples are less the hype of novelty and more a consideration of pew folks and the musicians who lead them.
Peace, all.
Two final thoughts on the Agnus Dei troping issue:
First, I found it interesting that a friend related the Lamb of God was sung in Latin at the recent installment of the new Boston archbishop, and included tropes in Latin.
Second, having checked the link to Adoremus Bulletin on the Agnus Dei, I still think it’s a lot of fuss and bother over a small issue. As long as Jesus is invoked as “Lamb of God” at the beginning and end of the piece, the extension with tropes, so long as these clearly address Christ, seems to be less an innovation and more a tame adaptation for ritual need. But then again, people objected to polyphony for similar reasons: the over-embellishment of chant melodies and the use of imitation in various voices. If “Lamb of God, Prince of Peace, Lamb of God” is objectionable, then why not embellished settings of “Gloria, gloria, gloria, in excelsis, in excelsis Deo, in excelsis Deo, Gloria, gloria …”? Obviously, adding text repetition is not the same as tropes, but it’s not that far off either. Does Adoremus Bulletin decide where the line is drawn?
At a concelebrated mass like for a priest’s funeral, if the Holy, Holy, Holy the parish usually uses isn’t long enough for all the priests to arrange themselves around the altar for the EP, would it be okay to add a few lines of appropriate poetry we wrote ourselves to the Holy, Holy Holy to make it long enough?
One of our deacons likes to kind of “process” showing the book to the whole assembly when he goes to the ambo to read the Gospel, should we on our own initiative write a longer verse to add to the proper acclamation?
If the scripture readings don’t make quite the impact you feel they could and should, do you add on a few words from Kahlil Gibran to the old testament reading?
As you say, repeating words or phrases is NOT the same as adding in new ones of ones own devising.
Yes, in my opinion, and that of the Church, it IS that far off.
Peace, How.
The Sanctus is a hymn. Unlike the Agnus Dei, is does not accompany liturgical action. The priests in question need to get their heinies into place at an appropriate moment, and not distract people or delay the Mass just to get thei place on stage. (The person who came up with “in the person of Christ” should realize that if a woman can’t function as that image, then surely liturgical multiplicity is even farther afoot from that image.)
The alleluia is an acclamation. The procession, as it were, accompanies the liturgical song. In your deacon’s case, the procession should be as long as the alleluia lasts, or shorter.
Like you, I disagree with the practice of adding Gibran to the liturgy, but titles such as “Prince of Peace” or “Lord of Lords” are biblical, and “Saving Cup” is a liturgical text, and hardly a Muslim derivation.
Most invocations to Christ I’ve heard are not “new ones of one’s own devising,” but traditional addresses of Christ. The question of their place at the Agnus Dei is a disputed one, to be sure, but I doubt the matter is a closed book either way. I don’t see it as important enough to get into a snit about one way or the other.
The problem with troping the Agnus Dei is that, while all those other things about Christ are true and wonderful attributes, at that point, we are supposed to be focusing on that one aspect of Christ - His being Lamb. Christ as the sacrifice for all. The Roman Missal allows for repetition for more than 3 times if needed, and there is no reason to need more than a few times.
At a concelebrated mass like for a priest’s funeral, if the Holy, Holy, Holy the parish usually uses isn’t long enough for all the priests to arrange themselves around the altar for the EP, would it be okay to add a few lines of appropriate poetry we wrote ourselves to the Holy, Holy Holy to make it long enough?
One of our deacons likes to kind of “process” showing the book to the whole assembly when he goes to the ambo to read the Gospel, should we on our own initiative write a longer verse to add to the proper acclamation?
If the scripture readings don’t make quite the impact you feel they could and should, do you add on a few words from Kahlil Gibran to the old testament reading?
As you say, repeating words or phrases is NOT the same as adding in new ones of ones own devising.
The latter is not permissable.
So yes, in my opinion, and that of the Church, it IS that far off.
Not much different than the Day’s 1990 “Why Catholics Can’t Sing”, except the conclusion that the way to stop “Caruso” is to banish him, (versus “mike off”) and then LET’S CRANK UP THE VOLUME of the organ and choir…oh boy.. people listen to a LOUD organ and choir, they don’t sing.
Why can’t we crank up the congregation to sing? Even if it is simple plainsong, or use (I prefer) Day’s alternative to all sing “a cappella” until we all learn the songs..
A capella?
Was that really one of Day’s suggestions?
I hate to agree with him (he’s such a crank, in that book, though at least a crank with good taste,) and i had only skimmed th book and must have missed that, but I’d have to agree, that is CERTAINLY what is working the best for us.
Hymns, eh….
Simple effective mass parts, eh….
Unacompanied chant - yowzah!
We are getting a non-singing congregation, bit by bit to open their mouths, and week after wekk, the unchanging, familiar Our Father and the absolutely new-to-them responosorial psalm is what gets’em out there.
Gotta try to talk TPTB into a plainsong mass, for Advent maybe?
Forgive my intrusion, but I stumbled upon this list and the topic caught my eye. I am not a Catholic, although I have played in many Catholic churces, a cathedral or two and many more mainline protestant churches.
There is one key to good, lusty, musical, congregational singing and that is unfragmented, competent, musical leadership. Whether it is the organist, the choir or the cantor, excellence fosters a desire to participate. If the organist is a leader, let him/her lead. If the cantor is the leader or the choir, then let him/her/them do it without having to compete for musical turf. Unified leadership moves people.
I respectfully disagree with your colleague who believed that folks do not sing when the organ or the choir provide loud leadership. Whether loud or soft, almost any congregation will respond to powerful leadership.
What I miss the most in Catholic music is the absence of congretational harmony. The alto, tenor and bass genes have disappeared from the ecclesiasical gene pool. It may be a function of the dominant unison music of the 21st century church, but it is a loss.
Just a Methodist’s two cents worth.
Pax tecum.
JCM








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